Robustness and resilience in the design of emergency management systems

Chapitre d'ouvrage (à paraître) - Titre ouvrage: "Natural hazards and risk reduction in Europe - from Science to Practice" - Editors: "J. Schanze, N. Bischof, H. Modaressi, J.M. Jacques, G. Eftichidis" - Publisher: SpringerThe aim of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework for the design of information systems for crisis management. The framework is grounded in the idea that the more an organisational system is unstructured (such as in a crisis situation), the more we need information technologies (IT) which are able to promote self organizing processes. In addition, IT systems should also help to improve the shared knowledge between stakeholders in order to promote a new form of organisation. Following this perspective, we will first give some examples showing that emergence and self organization are mandatory processes in the first phase in a crisis. We will also address the two notions of robustness and resilience in order to develop a more efficient approach in engineering crisis systems

Enhancing inter-organizational resilience by loose coupling concept and complexity paradigm

http://www.resilience-engineering.org/proceedingsRE3_4.htmInternational audienceDuring a co-design project, we modeled formal and informal cooperation which are expressions of tight and loose couplings. Our findings confirm that loose couplings are crucial since they enable selforganization and emerging processes which often underlie success of codesign. We offer new insight into management and organization theories by presenting an inter-organizational resilience model which explains how non-deterministic couplings can enhance inter-organizational resilience

Analyse et modélisation des activités coopératives situées

Cet article retrace les évolutions d’un programme de recherche centré sur l’analyse, la modélisation et l’instrumentation des activités coopératives. Nous nous attachons notamment à expliciter les changements d’arrière- plan théoriques qui ont guidés le déroulement de ce programme et leur influence sur les questions relatives à la modélisation et aux rapports à la conception.This paper summarizes the different steps of a research program which focused on the analysis, modelling and equipement of cooperative activities. We attempt to make explicit the various succesive theorical underpinnings and to show how they have influenced modelling and design issues

Positive and negative emotion induction through avatars and its impact on reasoning performance: cardiovascular and pupillary correlates

International audienceMany studies have shown the impact of emotion on cognition (Damasio, 1994), however these influences remain ambiguous. The contradictions may be explained by a lack of experimental control (emotional induction, objective clues on emotional states...) but also by the existence of complex cross-influences between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a major substratum of executive functions (EFs) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area strongly connected to the limbic system. This work aimed at gaining a more precise view of the links between emotion and EFs, utilizing an experimental protocol that used avatars for a well-controlled emotional induction, measurements of the autonomic nervous system activity as evidence of the emotional state (cardiovascular and pupillary responses) and a neuropsychological test battery (dynamic reasoning and deductive reasoning tasks) for the detection of EFs variations in response to emotion. The experimental data showed that positive emotion (joy) led to a performance decrease during both tasks, together with physiological variations. These counterintuitive results showed that positive mood can impair executive functioning in our tasks. In addition, our results highlighted the lack of learning effects on deductive performance

Emotion induction through virtual avatars and its impact on reasoning: evidence from autonomous nervous system measurements and cognitive assessment

Many studies have shown the impact of emotion on cognition (Damasio 1995; Phelps 2004), however these influences remain ambiguous. The contradictions may be explained by a lack of experimental control but also by the existence of complex cross-influences between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a major substratum of the executive functions (EFs) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area strongly connected to the limbic system (Simpson 2001a). This work aims at gaining a more precise view of the links between emotion and EFs thanks to an experimental protocol that uses Virtual Reality (avatars) for a controlled emotional conditioning, measurements of the autonomous nervous system (ANS) as evidence of the emotional variations and a neuropsychological test battery for the detection of EFs variations, especially reasoning. The battery’s major tasks consist in deductive reasoning and reasoning in dynamic situations. The experimental data show that positive conditioning leads to a performance decrease (in agreement with Phillips et al. (2002a)), together with physiological variations (cardiac and pupillary activity). Moreover negative conditioning leads to ineffective actions: more actions (Dynamic task), more quickly (Deductive task) with no performance variation. These results may have applications in neuropsychology, for the assessment and the rehabilitation of patients (Mateer et al. 2005) and in neuroergonomics in the field of complex working situations where emotions may cause accidents (e.g. potential source of air crashes, Dehais et al. 2003)

Traitement perceptif des mots affixés : mise en évidence d'un contrôle cognitif

Summary : Depth of processing and lexical acces of polymorphemic words. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the reader's perceptive activity with mono and polymorphemic words. In the first experiment it is found that the perceptive activity at the end of monomorphemic words is in relation with the task (reading or correction task). In the second experiment, it is found that, in the reading task, the depth of processing is negatively correlated with the perceptive activity in the end of monomorphemic words. This effect is not observed with suffixed words. It is also found in the third experiment that if suffixes are more processed ihan the end of monomorphemic words, it is because of structural reasons (because subject assigns linguistic status to roots) and not because it is easy to predict suffixes. A model of reading is discussed in the light of these results. Key-words : Lexical access, polymorphemic words, depth of processing.Résumé Cette recherche a pour but d'étudier le traitement perceptif des mots monomorphémiques et plurimorphémiques lorsqu'ils sont insérés dans un contexte. Dans une première expérience, nous montrons que l'activité perceptive se différencie pour ces deux types de mots selon le type de tâche utilisé (lecture ou correction). Les données obtenues dans la seconde expérience confirment cet effet tout en mettant en évidence une relation entre le niveau d'élaboration cognitive du texte pendant la lecture (profondeur de traitement) et l'anticipation des mots monomorphémiques. Cet effet n'a pas été observé pour les mots bimorphémiques. Enfin, dans une troisième expérience, nous avons montré que la contrainte contextuelle n'intervient pas directement dans le processus d'analyse des mots dérivés. Ces résultats nous ont conduits à élaborer un modèle du traitement perceptif des mots dérivés. Dans ce modèle, l'analyse perceptive des syllabes finales du mot est conditionnée à un test préalable sur la nature morphémique du premier groupe syllabique. Mots clefs : Accès au lexique, mots plurimorphémiques, profondeur de traitement.Pavard Bernard. Traitement perceptif des mots affixés : mise en évidence d'un contrôle cognitif. In: L'année psychologique. 1983 vol. 83, n°2. pp. 443-464

La conception des systèmes de traitement de texte

Pavard Bernard. La conception des systèmes de traitement de texte. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°1, 1985. Les interactions homme / ordinateur, sous la direction de Andrée Borillo, Jean-Michel Hoc et Maryse Quéré. pp. 37-67

Social interaction in virtual reality

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